In the footsteps of children's art, he presents an aesthetic analysis where, from an anthropologis horizon, where children's art is rescued as aisthesis; From this perspective, in the first section examines drawing as a semiotic language whose signs, indexes and registers, refer to an aesthetic procedure that establishes meaning in the very act of creating paint seame, rescuing the indexicality of children's drawing, and its meaning as a language autonomous. In the second section, moving on to the analysis of children's work from the symbolic aesthetic, children's art as a symbolic language refers to a signifier that is not necessarily conscious; presenting something that is not, materialized through painting, as a symbolic inscription vehicle. In the last section. opting for an analysis of children's art from the expanded aesthetic, where to from the aisthesis, art is everything and for everyone, including the art of children and youth.

Tras las huellas del arte infantil, presenta un análisis estético en donde a partir de un horizonte de antropologización, se rescata el arte infantil como aisthesis. Desde esta perspectiva, en el primer apartado se examina el dibujo como lenguaje semiótico cuyos signos, índices y registros, remiten a un proceder estético que instaura sentido en el mismo acto de crear grafías, rescatando la indexicalidad del dibujo infantil, y su sentido como lenguaje autónomo del lenguaje. En el segundo apartado, pasando al análisis de la obra infantil desde la Estética Simbólica, el arte de los niños como lenguaje simbólico, remite a un significante no necesariamente consciente; presentando algo que no está, materializado a través de la pintura, como vehículo de inscripción simbólica. En el último apartado, se opta por un análisis del arte infantil desde la Estética Expandida, en donde a partir de la aisthesis, el arte es de todo y para todos, incluyendo el arte de los niños y jóvenes.

Resumen Diversos estudios sobre estereotipos con estudiantes universitarios muestran que las personas mayores son percibidas más desde una imagen negativa que con estereotipos positivos. Teniendo en cuenta el creciente aumento de la población mayor en la actualidad, y con el fin de trabajar con personas mayores desde una visión positiva de sí mismos, es necesario que estos estereotipos desaparezcan. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si existen estereotipos negativos hacia la vejez en estudiantes de carreras universitarias relacionadas y no relacionadas con el campo de la salud. En total, se evaluó a 262 estudiantes con el cuestionario CENVE, y, para saber si existían diferencias de estereotipos negativos entre los estudiantes según su titulación, se realizó un análisis ANOVA, además de comparaciones post hoc. Los resultados fueron significativos al nivel del 5 % y evidenciaron la existencia de estereotipos negativos hacia la vejez en estudiantes de títulos universitarios relacionados y no relacionados con el campo de la salud. Los ANOVA mostraron diferencias para el CENVE total (F3259 = 3.574; p = .015; η 2 = .040), para la dimensión de motivación social (F3259 = 3.697; p = .012; η2 = .042) y para la dimensión de personalidad (F3259 = 5.157; p = .002; η 2 = .057). Las pruebas post hoc mostraron la existencia de diferencias en el grado de estereotipos negativos según las titulaciones en curso, donde las titulaciones sanitarias mostraron menor grado en comparación con las demás.

Abstract Different studies with university students show the presence of a negative image about the elderly and an absence of positive stereotypes regarding this age group. With the increase of the older population, these stereotypes must disappear in order to work with aged people without a negative view of them. The aim of this paper was to identify the existence of negative stereotypes towards old age in students who are pursuing health-related and not related university degree courses. A total of 262 students were assessed with the CENVE questionnaire. In order to find out whether there were differences between students with respect to negative stereotypes, an ANOVA and a post-hoc comparison test were carried out. Results were significant at the 5% level. These show evidence of the existence of negative stereotypes about old age in students pursuing university degrees related and not related to the field of health. ANOVAs showed differences in total CENVE (F3 259 = 3.574; p = 0.015; r2 = 0.040), Social Motivation dimension (F3259 = 3.697; p = 0.012; rf = 0.042), and Personality dimension (F3259 = 5.157; p = 0.002; r2 = 0.057). The post-hoc tests show the existence of differences in stereotypes depending on the course that is being studied, where the health related courses show the lower level of negative stereotypes.

Resumo Diversos estudos sobre estereótipos com estudantes universitários mostram que as pessoas idosas são percebidas mais frequentemente a partir de uma imagem negativa do que com estereótipos positivos. Levando em consideração o crescente aumento da população idosa na atualidade e como o fim de trabalhar com pessoas mais velhas a partir de uma visão positiva de si mesmos, é preciso que esses estereótipos desapareçam. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar se existem estereótipos negativos com respeito à velhice em estudantes de cursos universitários relacionados e não relacionados com o campo da saúde. No total, 262 estudantes foram avaliados com o questionário CENVE e, para saber se existiam diferenças de estereótipos negativos entre os estudantes de acordo com sua habilitação, foi realizada uma análise ANOVA, além de comparações post hoc. Os resultados foram significativos com um nível de 5% e evidenciaram a existência de estereótipos negativos com respeito à velhice em estudantes de habilitações universitárias relacionadas e não relacionadas com o campo da saúde. Os ANOVA mostraram diferenças para o CENVE total (F3259 = 3.574; p = .015; n2 = .040), para a dimensão de motivação social (F3259 = 3.697; p = .012; n2 = .042) e para a dimensão de personalidade (F3259 = 5.157; p = .002; n2 = .057). As provas post hoc mostraram a existência de diferenças no grau de estereótipos negativos de acordo com as habilitações em curso, sendo que as habilitações de saúde mostraram menor grau em comparação com as demais.

Abstract: On September 19th, thirty-two years after a 7.1-magnitude earthquake struck Mexico City, a similar phenomenon reminded all Mexicans how natural events can upset our everyday lives. That day, as in 1985, many of those who died were women. This article discusses why this history repeats itself and how gender and inequities (economic, social and political) have influenced the construction of the notion of social disaster.

Resumen: El 19 de septiembre, después de 32 años de que un sismo de 7.1 grados azotara la Ciudad de México, un fenómeno similar nos recordó a todos los mexicanos cómo los eventos naturales pueden cimbrar nuestras vidas cotidianas. Ese mismo día, como en 1985, muchos de quienes murieron fueron mujeres. En este artículo se discute por qué esta historia se repite y cómo el género y las inequidades (económicas, sociales y políticas) han venido incidiendo en la construcción de la noción del desastre social.

The aim of the present investigation was to appraise variation in the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity against phytopatogenic bacterial of essential oils from Azorella spinosa. Three samples of A. spinosa were collected in different date in the same area. The essential oils were obtained for hydro-destillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical composition of essential oils were analysed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed variation in the yield and composition, the main detected compounds were monoterpenes such as limonene (10.66-12.30%), tricyclene (10.81-16.99%) and sabinene (9.10-11.49%), the most abundant sesquiterpene was γ-gurjenene (5.48-8.47%). The biological activity of essential oils from A. spinosa against wild phytopatogenic microorganisms showed selectivity over Pseudomonas syringae. This is the first report of the essential oil composition of A. spinosa, and confirms that natural products obtained from aromatic plants represent an important source of bioactive molecules that could be used as new alternatives for the treatment of phytopatogenic bacteria infections.

For the first time, the adsorption of pesticides such as azinphos-methyl and methamidophos by polyamidoamine (PAMAM) derivatives was studied. Amine groups of PAMAM (G4 and G5) were functionalized with different biomolecules such as folic acid, coumarine, arginine, lysine, and asparagine. Subsequently, the synthesized compounds were used to trap organophosphates (OP), and its affinity to do so was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The obtained experimental data was compared with the interaction energy values obtained through a nanoinformatic methodology, by using conformational sampling through Euler angles and semi‑empirical quantum mechanical calculations. Both, the experimental and the in silico methodology can be employed to screen with high accuracy the molecular interactions between OP agents and the functionalized PAMAM. Furthermore, affinity results by HPLC and molecular dynamics were supported by in vitro enzyme acetylcholinesterase activity assays.

ABSTRACT In the year 2010, Chamula attended the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Branch (TEPJF by its acronym in Spanish) on two different occasions. Chamula is a municipality the inhabitants of which have strongly defended their own government institutions as well as their own indigenous customary law, known as «usos y costumbres» (i.e., «customs and traditions»), in order to make decisions within the community regarding issues related to their political life. It is thus surprising to find the Chamula community present in the electoral tribunals. How did Chamula get to the tribunals and why? What juncture was created in Chamula in the year 2010 that fractured its firm autonomy-based structure? What factors intervened to give shape to a conflict of such dimensions that it weakened their capacity to solve electoral issues from within, pushing them to resort to state and federal tribunals? In addition, the case illustrates the serious difficulties that the TEPJF faces to appropriately interpret the exercise of political and electoral rights when indigenous internal regulatory systems are at stake.

RESUMEN En el año 2010 Chamula asiste en dos ocasiones al Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación (TEPJF). Siendo un municipio cuyos habitantes han defendido con fuerza sus propias instituciones de gobierno y lo que ellos llaman sus «usos y costumbres» para decidir desde dentro los asuntos relativos a su vida política, sorprende su presencia en los tribunales electorales ¿Cómo llega Chamula a los tribunales y por qué? ¿Qué coyuntura surgió en el año 2010 que fracturó esa estructura sólida de voluntad autonomista? ¿Qué factores intervinieron para hacer posible que se configurara una conflictividad de dimensiones tales que debilitara su capacidad para resolver desde dentro sus conflictos electorales, y tuviera que recurrirse a los tribunales estatal y federal? Adicionalmente, el caso muestra las serias dificultades que enfrenta el TEPJF para interpretar adecuadamente el ejercicio de derechos políticos y electorales cuando están en juego los sistemas normativos internos de los pueblos indígenas.

Novel substituted pyrimidines were synthesized from methyl 2,4-dioxo-4-phenyl-butanoate (I-A) and urea, followed by Mitsunobu coupling of I-A with benzyl or allyl alcohol to give the corresponding 2-hydroxypyrimidine ethers in good yields. Saponification of I-A, followed by reaction with benzyl or allyl amines in the presence of TBTU yielded 2-hydroxy-6-phenyl-pyrimidine 4-carboxamides. AChE and BuChE assays revealed 2-hydroxy-6-phenyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxyallyamide as the most active compound, IC50= 90 µM, with no inhibition of BuChE.

In addition to the known diterpenes, desoxyarticulin and dihydrotucumanoic acid, a new neoclerodane diterpene was isolated from Baccharis marginalis. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic evidence.

The inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase is considered as a strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, ataxia, and myasthenia gravis. Three lanostane- and two cycloartane-type triterpenes, together with two mulinane-type diterpenes were isolated from petroleum ether extract of the whole shrub of Azorella trifurcata (Gaertn.) Pers. Their effect on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase was assessed as well. In addition, this is the first report of these triterpenes in the genus Azorella.

Chagas disease in the state of Jalisco, Mexico was described for the first time in 1967; however, knowledge on the disease remains in a slow process. Between 1967 and 2006, the disease was described in its acute and chronic forms. The vector species have been identified, and the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi has been isolated and genetically characterized. Also, the magnitude of the infection in humans has been determined through serological studies of different populations as well as of blood donors. The up-to-dateness of knowledge of the disease in the state of Jalisco, unveils a necessity of increased research on the epidemiology of Chagas disease as well as on clinical studies to assess the health of individuals and the populations.

La enfermedad de Chagas en el estado de Jalisco, México, apareció por primera vez en 1967, aunque su conocimiento ha seguido un proceso lento. Entre los años de 1967 y 2006 se describió la enfermedad en sus formas agudas y crónicas; se identificaron las especies de vectores y se aisló el parásito Trypanosoma cruzi, que luego se caracterizó en el plano genético. La magnitud de la infección en el hombre se determinó con estudios serológicos en diversas poblaciones, así como en donadores de sangre. En la actualización presente del conocimiento de la enfermedad en el estado de Jalisco se mostró la necesidad de incrementar las investigaciones sobre la epidemiología de la enfermedad de Chagas, así como los estudios clínicos para determinar la salud de los individuos y las poblaciones.

Chagas disease in the state of Jalisco, Mexico was described for the first time in 1967; however, knowledge on the disease remains in a slow process. Between 1967 and 2006, the disease was described in its acute and chronic forms. The vector species have been identified, and the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi has been isolated and genetically characterized. Also, the magnitude of the infection in humans has been determined through serological studies of different populations as well as of blood donors. The up-to-dateness of knowledge of the disease in the state of Jalisco, unveils a necessity of increased research on the epidemiology of Chagas disease as well as on clinical studies to assess the health of individuals and the populations.

La enfermedad de Chagas en el estado de Jalisco, México, apareció por primera vez en 1967, aunque su conocimiento ha seguido un proceso lento. Entre los años de 1967 y 2006 se describió la enfermedad en sus formas agudas y crónicas; se identificaron las especies de vectores y se aisló el parásito Trypanosoma cruzi, que luego se caracterizó en el plano genético. La magnitud de la infección en el hombre se determinó con estudios serológicos en diversas poblaciones, así como en donadores de sangre. En la actualización presente del conocimiento de la enfermedad en el estado de Jalisco se mostró la necesidad de incrementar las investigaciones sobre la epidemiología de la enfermedad de Chagas, así como los estudios clínicos para determinar la salud de los individuos y las poblaciones.

A comparative geochemical study was conducted within oxidized tailings in mining regions of Nacozari-Sonora (Cu-sulfide of porphyry copper deposits), Santa Bárbara-Chihuahua (Pb-Zn-Cu hydrothermal veins), Zimapán-Hidalgo (Pb-Zn-Ag skarn) and Taxco-Guerrero (Pb-Zn-Cu hydrothermal veins). These mining wastes were studied in order to evaluate the capacity of acid drainage generation and to evaluate the importance of geological and climatic factors in their potential hazard and environmental impact. Consequent with the main mineralogy of the exploited ore bodies, the Nacozari's tailings contain low total concentrations of As (8.9 mg kg-1), Pb (< 20 mg kg-1) and Zn (91 mg kg-1) and high total concentrations of Cu (535 mg kg-1) and Fe (6.9 %); whereas tailings from Santa Bárbara are characterized by the high total concentrations of As (1140 mg kg-1), Pb (6669 mg kg-1), Zn (12531 mg kg-1) and Cu (851 mg kg-1). However, the lowest concentration of Fe (3.4 %) was measured in the Santa Bárbara's tailings. In tailings from Zimapán were determined the highest total concentrations of As (12735 mg kg-1) and Fe (16.5 %), and high total concentrations of Pb (2034 mg kg-1), Zn (2982 mg kg-1) and Cu (600 mg.kg-1). Finally, total concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in tailings from Taxco are 585 mg kg-1 As, 1479 mg kg-1 Pb, 460 mg kg-1 Zn, 72 mg kg-1 Cu and 9.4 % Fe. The high total Fe concentrations in tailings from Nacozari, Zimapán and Taxco indicate the relative abundance of Fe-sulfides, mainly pyrite. Oxidation of pyrite and insufficiency of acid-neutralizing minerals have produced low pH values in tailing leachates: pH Zimapán = 2.6, pH Taxco = 2.8 and pH Nacozari = 3.0. Acidic leachates of Nacozari's tailings contain high concentration of dissolved SO4(2-), Fe, Cu and Zn. The acidic leachates of tailings from Zimapán and Taxco additionally contain dissolved As and Pb. These results indicate that in Zimapán and Taxco there is a greater environmental risk because the acidic leachates that contain high concentrations of PTE drain to streams of the surroundings and although they do not affect the quality of waters, cause the accumulation of PTE in sediments. Chemical and mineralogical results of tailing from Santa Bárbara indicate the abundance of calcite and low pyrite content in these tailings. The pH values of leachates from Santa Bárbara's tailings are slightly above neutral (pH = 8.4) and are characterized by the lowest concentrations of dissolved PTE, which indicates that the acid-neutralizing capacity of the tailings has been sufficient to consume the acidity generated by sulphide oxidation. The results of this study allow to conclude that the mineralogy of the exploited ore bodies is the main factor that influences the acid drainage generation from the studied tailings impoundment, and climatic factors are determining in the processes that cause the dispersion of these mine waste and its leachates to the surroundings.

Se realizó un estudio geoquímico comparativo en jales oxidados ubicados en las regiones mineras de Nacozari-Sonora (depósito de sulfuros de Cu tipo pórfido cuprífero), Santa Bárbara-Chihuahua (vetas hidrotermales con sulfuros de Pb-Zn-Cu), Zimapán-Hidalgo ("skarn" con sulfuros de Pb-Zn-Ag) y Taxco-Guerrero (vetas hidrotermales con sulfuros de Pb-Zn). Estos residuos mineros se estudiaron con el fin de valorar su capacidad para la generación de drenaje ácido y evaluar la importancia de las particularidades geológicas y climáticas en su peligrosidad e impacto para el ambiente. Consecuente con la mineralogía de los yacimientos explotados, los jales de Nacozari contienen concentraciones totales bajas de As (8.9 mg kg-1), Pb (< 20 mg kg-1) y Zn (91 mg kg-1) y concentraciones totales altas de Cu (535 mg kg-1) y Fe (6.8 %); mientras que los jales de Santa Bárbara se caracterizan por contener concentraciones totales altas de As (1140 mg kg-1), Pb (6669 mg kg-1), Zn (12531 mg kg-¹) y Cu (851 mg kg-1). Sin embargo, en los jales de Santa Bárbara se determinaron las concentraciones totales más bajas de Fe (3.4 %). En los jales de Zimapán se determinaron las mayores concentraciones totales de As (12735 mg kg-1) y Fe (16.5 %) y altas concentraciones totales de Pb (2034 mg kg-1), Zn (2982 mg kg-1) y Cu (600 mg kg-1). Finalmente, las concentraciones totales de elementos potencialmente tóxicos (EPT) en los jales de Taxco son 585 mg kg-1 As, 1479 mg kg-1 Pb, 460 mg kg-1 Zn, 72 mg kg-1 Cu y 9.4 % Fe. Las concentraciones totales altas de Fe en los jales de Nacozari, Zimapán y Taxco indican la abundancia relativa de sumiros de Fe, principalmente pirita. La oxidación de la pirita y la insuficiencia de minerales con potencial de neutralización ha producido valores bajos de pH en los lixiviados de estos jales: pH Zimapán = 2.6, pH Taxco = 2.8 y pH Nacozari = 3.0. En los jales de Nacozari se forman lixiviados ácidos con sulfatos, Cu, Zn y Fe disueltos, mientras que en los jales de Zimapán y Taxco los lixiviados ácidos adicionalmente contienen As y Pb disueltos. Estos resultados indican que en Zimapán y Taxco existe un mayor riesgo ambiental, ya que los lixiviados ácidos con EPT disueltos drenan a los arroyos del entorno y, aunque no afectan la calidad de las aguas superficiales, provocan la acumulación de EPT en los sedimentos. Los resultados químicos y mineralógicos en los jales de Santa Bárbara indican la abundancia de calcita y bajo contenido de pirita. Los valores de pH en los lixiviados de estos jales son ligeramente superiores al neutro (pH = 8.4) y se caracterizan por las bajas concentraciones de EPT disueltos, lo que indica que la capacidad de neutralización ha sido suficiente para consumir la acidez generada por la oxidación de los sulfuros metálicos. Los resultados de este estudio permiten concluir que la mineralogía de los yacimientos minerales explotados es el principal factor que determina la generación de drenaje ácido en los jales estudiados y que las características climáticas son determinantes en los procesos que provocan la dispersión de estos residuos y sus lixiviados al entorno.

In 1987 the University of Guadalajara performed a seroepidemiological survey in order to know the prevalence of infection for Trypanosoma cruzi in the 124 counties of the state of Jalisco, Mexico in which appraisals of 21.6 for 100 inhabitants were gotten. From December of 1993 to June of 1994 was carried out a pursuit of some those individuals, studying it only to 2669 of they, of 50 municipalities of rural areas of the state. The causes off not survey of the not found was diverse, being between the most important the emigration (27.6%) and the not cooperation (14.8%). We found to 476 positives (17.8%) and 2193 negatives (82.2%). This second study allowed us detect 80 new cases (2.9%) the one which represents an appraisal of incidence of 30 for 100 inhabitants. However we found a seroconvertion in the studied individuals, since of 1007 individuals that were positives in 1987; 943 of them continues so, while 64 individuals became negative (2.3%), not being this attributable to flaws of laboratory, the prevalence of positivite detected in both studies was almost identical, 18.1 and 17.8 % respectly, for the one which we believe that the conditions in that the individuals of the rural towns of the state of Jalisco live favor to that the infections continue.

La Universidad de Guadalajara decidió realizar en 1987 un estudio seroepidemiológico para conocer la prevalencia de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en los 124 municipios del Estado de Jalisco, México, en el cual se obtuvieron tasas de 21,6 por 100 habitantes. De diciembre de 1993 a junio de 1994 se realizó un seguimiento de algunos de esos individuos, estudiándose sólo 2669 de ellos, de 50 municipios de áreas rurales del estado. Las causas de no encuesta de los faltantes fueron diversas, estando entre las más importantes la emigración (27,6) y la renuencia (14,8). Encontramos a 476 positivos (17,8%) y 2193 negativos (82,2%). Este segundo estudio nos permitió detectar 80 infectados nuevos (2,9%) lo que representa una tasa de incidencia de 30 por 1000 habitantes. Sin embargo, encontramos una seroconversión en los individuos estudiados, ya que de 1007 individuos que estaban positivos en 1987, 943 de ellos continúan así, mientras, que 64 individuos se negativizaron (2,3%), no siendo esto imputable a fallas de laboratorio, la prevalencia de positividad detectada en ambos estudios fue casi idéntica 18,1 y 17,8 % respectivamente, por lo que nosotros pensamos que las condiciones en que viven los individuos de las localidades rurales del Estado de Jalisco favorecen a que las infecciones continúen.